ISRAEL ECONOMIC
Israel’s economic freedom score is 68.0, making its economy the 43rd freest in the 2022 Index. Israel is ranked 2nd among 14 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, and its overall score is above the regional and world averages.
The Israeli economy slowed from 2017 through 2019, turned negative in 2020, and recovered in 2021. A multi-year expansion of economic freedom that peaked in 2020 skidded sharply this year to a low not seen since 2013. With an increase in the government integrity score unable to overcome a steep drop in fiscal health, Israel has recorded a 1.7-point overall loss of economic freedom since 2017 and has fallen from the “Mostly Free” category to the “Moderately Free” category. Monetary freedom, trade freedom, and investment freedom reflect strength, but labor freedom and government spending remain areas for improvement.
IMPACT OF COVID-19: As of December 1, 2021, 8,199 deaths had been attributed to the pandemic in Israel, and the government’s response to the crisis ranked 41st among the countries included in this Index in terms of its stringency. The economy contracted by 2.4 percent in 2020.
Israel won its war for independence in 1948, and its vibrant democracy remains unique in the region. Israel’s high-technology sector attracts considerable foreign investment, and large offshore deposits of natural gas have improved its energy security and balance-of-payments prospects. Despite a 2006 war against Hezbollah in Lebanon, frequent military campaigns against Hamas in Gaza, and the constant threat of terrorism, Israel’s modern market economy is fundamentally sound and dynamic. Israel’s 2020 normalization agreements with Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, and Sudan should encourage greater regional trade, investment, tourism, and technological and strategic cooperation.
The Israeli economy slowed from 2017 through 2019, turned negative in 2020, and recovered in 2021. A multi-year expansion of economic freedom that peaked in 2020 skidded sharply this year to a low not seen since 2013. With an increase in the government integrity score unable to overcome a steep drop in fiscal health, Israel has recorded a 1.7-point overall loss of economic freedom since 2017 and has fallen from the “Mostly Free” category to the “Moderately Free” category. Monetary freedom, trade freedom, and investment freedom reflect strength, but labor freedom and government spending remain areas for improvement.
IMPACT OF COVID-19: As of December 1, 2021, 8,199 deaths had been attributed to the pandemic in Israel, and the government’s response to the crisis ranked 41st among the countries included in this Index in terms of its stringency. The economy contracted by 2.4 percent in 2020.
Israel won its war for independence in 1948, and its vibrant democracy remains unique in the region. Israel’s high-technology sector attracts considerable foreign investment, and large offshore deposits of natural gas have improved its energy security and balance-of-payments prospects. Despite a 2006 war against Hezbollah in Lebanon, frequent military campaigns against Hamas in Gaza, and the constant threat of terrorism, Israel’s modern market economy is fundamentally sound and dynamic. Israel’s 2020 normalization agreements with Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, and Sudan should encourage greater regional trade, investment, tourism, and technological and strategic cooperation.
RULE OF LAW
Israel’s modern legal system is based on British common law and provides effective means for enforcing property and contractual rights. Property registration and titling procedures are cumbersome. The judiciary is independent but slow. Bribery and other forms of corruption are illegal. A strong societal intolerance of graft undergirds the effectiveness of anticorruption laws and provides a strong foundation for economic freedom.
Israel’s modern legal system is based on British common law and provides effective means for enforcing property and contractual rights. Property registration and titling procedures are cumbersome. The judiciary is independent but slow. Bribery and other forms of corruption are illegal. A strong societal intolerance of graft undergirds the effectiveness of anticorruption laws and provides a strong foundation for economic freedom.
GOVERNMENT SIZE
The top individual income tax rate is 50 percent (including a surtax), and the top corporate tax rate is 23 percent. Other taxes include value-added and capital gains taxes. The overall tax burden equals 30.5 percent of total domestic income. Government spending has amounted to 41.5 percent of total output (GDP) over the past three years, and budget deficits have averaged 6.4 percent of GDP. Public debt is equivalent to 73.0 percent of GDP.
REGULATORY EFFICIENCY
A pro-business policy framework makes it easier to run a robust business in Israel than it is in many other countries. As the public sector has shrunk, labor strikes have become less common. The government offers subsidies to foreign investors, and populist-oriented price controls have been in place for many years for basic foods, medicines, gasoline, and basic banking services.
OPEN MARKETS
Israel has 10 preferential trade agreements in force. The trade-weighted average tariff rate is 3.1 percent, and 94 nontariff measures are in effect. A modern and efficient investment regime supports vibrant levels of foreign investment. Financial institutions offer a wide range of services, and credit is readily available on market terms. Capital markets have gradually been liberalized.
The top individual income tax rate is 50 percent (including a surtax), and the top corporate tax rate is 23 percent. Other taxes include value-added and capital gains taxes. The overall tax burden equals 30.5 percent of total domestic income. Government spending has amounted to 41.5 percent of total output (GDP) over the past three years, and budget deficits have averaged 6.4 percent of GDP. Public debt is equivalent to 73.0 percent of GDP.
REGULATORY EFFICIENCY
A pro-business policy framework makes it easier to run a robust business in Israel than it is in many other countries. As the public sector has shrunk, labor strikes have become less common. The government offers subsidies to foreign investors, and populist-oriented price controls have been in place for many years for basic foods, medicines, gasoline, and basic banking services.
OPEN MARKETS
Israel has 10 preferential trade agreements in force. The trade-weighted average tariff rate is 3.1 percent, and 94 nontariff measures are in effect. A modern and efficient investment regime supports vibrant levels of foreign investment. Financial institutions offer a wide range of services, and credit is readily available on market terms. Capital markets have gradually been liberalized.
Long-term potential
The Israeli "economic miracle" is much more than a story of recession and recovery - it is the story of an economy that was built from scratch, survived numerous crises and severe economic deprivation, and has finally emerged as a successful, freemarket economy whose citizens enjoy a high standard of living.
With a population in 2010 of more than 7.5 million, Israel has been internationally acclaimed throughout the years, in particular for its extraordinary achievements in agriculture and agrotechnology, irrigation, solar energy, and in many hi-tech industries and start-ups. Based on intensive R&D, even in traditional industries, Israel today is not only the land of milk and honey but also the land of hi-tech, including software, communications, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and nanotechnology.
Free-trade agreements reached over the past three decades with the United States, the European Union and several countries in Latin America have facilitated Israel's expanding exports of goods and services - more than $80 billion in 2008 - as well as its participation in international business enterprises that contributed to the country's accelerated growth.
The Israeli "economic miracle" is much more than a story of recession and recovery - it is the story of an economy that was built from scratch, survived numerous crises and severe economic deprivation, and has finally emerged as a successful, freemarket economy whose citizens enjoy a high standard of living.
With a population in 2010 of more than 7.5 million, Israel has been internationally acclaimed throughout the years, in particular for its extraordinary achievements in agriculture and agrotechnology, irrigation, solar energy, and in many hi-tech industries and start-ups. Based on intensive R&D, even in traditional industries, Israel today is not only the land of milk and honey but also the land of hi-tech, including software, communications, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and nanotechnology.
Free-trade agreements reached over the past three decades with the United States, the European Union and several countries in Latin America have facilitated Israel's expanding exports of goods and services - more than $80 billion in 2008 - as well as its participation in international business enterprises that contributed to the country's accelerated growth.
Industry
Israel's industry concentrates on manufacturing products with a high added value that are primarily based on technological innovation. These include medical electronics, agrotechnology, telecommunications, computer hardware and software, solar energy, food processing and fine chemicals.
Agriculture
Israel's agricultural successes are the result of a long struggle against harsh, adverse conditions and of making maximum use of scarce water and arable land. Today, agriculture represents some 2.4% of GNP and 2% of exports. Israel produces 93% of its own food requirements, supplemented by imports of grain, oil seeds, meat, coffee, cocoa and sugar, which are more than offset by the wide range of agricultural products for export.
TEL AVIV-YAFO, ISRAEL